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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lageparameter (deskriptive Statistik)</span></h1>
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<p>Als <b>Lageparameter</b> oder <b>Lagemaße</b> bezeichnet man in der <a href="Deskriptive_Statistik" title="Deskriptive Statistik">deskriptiven Statistik</a> gewisse Kennzahlen beobachter Werte (Daten), die eine zentrale Tendenz des Datensatzes zum Ausdruck bringen.<sup id="cite_ref-Kosfeld67_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kosfeld67-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Im einfachsten Fall geben sie an, wo sich das Zentrum der Beobachtungswerte befindet, also in welchem Bereich sich ein großer Teil der Beobachtungswerte befindet. Typische Beispiele für Lageparameter sind das <a href="Mittleres_Einkommen" title="Mittleres Einkommen">mittlere Einkommen</a> und das durchschnittliche Einkommen bei Erhebungen des Einkommens.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>Im Folgenden wird davon ausgegangen, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2e7f2af1b0157e7e1a241ea2b4345853bd437f86.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.085ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> reellwertige Beobachtungswerte vorliegen, die inhaltlich zu einer Variablen gehören. Dies können Messwerte sein. Es kann sich um <a href="Stichprobenwert" class="mw-redirect" title="Stichprobenwert">Stichprobenwerte</a>, als um realisierte Werte von <a href="Stichprobenvariable" class="mw-redirect" title="Stichprobenvariable">Stichprobenvariablen</a> handeln, es kann sich aber auch um Beobachtungswerte einer Gesamtheit handeln, die nicht als Stichprobe entstanden sind und auch nicht als Stichprobenwerte aufgefasst werden.
</p><p>Manche Autoren fordern von einem Lageparameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e3cd622e5083311372a25c7fd0d5a421f4a819e5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.709ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> die sogenannte <a href="%C3%84quivariante_Abbildung" title="Äquivariante Abbildung">Verschiebungsäquivarianz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Toutenburg49_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toutenburg49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(x)}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(x)}</annotation>
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</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y=(x_{1}+a,x_{2}+a,\dots ,x_{n}+a)}">
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<p>ein um den Wert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
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<mi>a</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> verschobener Datensatz, so soll
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<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(y)=a+L(x)}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(y)=a+L(x)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9933721070ce886c4303d67eea5fa31ed51d41c9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.438ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(y)=a+L(x)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>gelten. Eine Verschiebung der Daten um einen gewissen Wert resultiert also immer in einer Verschiebung des Lageparameters um diesen Wert. Nicht alle Parameter, die gängigerweise als Lageparameter bezeichnet werden, erfüllen diese Bedingung. Meist werden deshalb Lageparameter umschrieben als Kennzahlen, die eine zentrale Tendenz des Datensatzes zum Ausdruck bringen.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleff36_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleff36-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kosfeld67_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kosfeld67-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wichtige_Lageparameter">Wichtige Lageparameter</h2></div>
<p>Im Folgenden wird von Beobachtungswerten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
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</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/56204ada1ecf9dd5c6beddfdfd0f341cd69ff632.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.92ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i}\in \mathbb {R} }">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c16c64c292c38a4a3ebfee3be0ade520d4463413.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.648ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i}\in \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i=1,\dots ,n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i=1,\dots ,n}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f3f269b2f3b2f87fec0168426652a5ea80b56112.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.636ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i=1,\dots ,n}" loading="lazy"></span> ausgegangen, die durch einen reellwertigen Lageparameter charakterisiert werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modus">Modus</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Modus_(Statistik)" title="Modus (Statistik)">Modus (Statistik)</a></i></div>
<p>Der <i>Modus</i> oder <i>Modalwert</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}" loading="lazy"></span> der Beobachtungswerte ist derjenige Wert, der am häufigsten vorkommt. Kommen mehrere Werte gleich häufig vor, so werden sie alle als Modus bezeichnet, der Modus ist also nicht eindeutig. Man spricht dann von einer <a href="Multimodale_Verteilung" class="mw-redirect" title="Multimodale Verteilung">multimodalen Häufigkeitsverteilung</a>. Der Modus existiert für beliebige Beobachtungswerte, da er sich im Gegensatz zu den anderen Lagemaßen schon definieren lässt, wenn nur eine <a href="Nominalskala" title="Nominalskala">Nominalskala</a> gegeben ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Median">Median</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Median" title="Median">Median</a></i></div>
<p>Der <i>Median</i>, mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {x}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {x}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4f5c5435030c952a58a756e691ea64f60c1bd240.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {x_{0{,}5}}}}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/572a010e80caed0e0d37c0d2f374e58a80792621.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.663ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {x_{0{,}5}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> oder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{med}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{med}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6d41df855321b9d71cd7d1324b228fb2229000c2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.631ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{med}}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet, ist derjenige Wert, der die Beobachtungswerte in zwei Hälften teilt:
</p>
<ul><li>Eine Hälfte ist höchstens so groß wie der Median.</li>
<li>Eine Hälfte ist mindestens so groß wie der Median.</li></ul>
<p>Dazu werden die Beobachtungswerte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7c0e6a4f6008f01547bb5cc1e8b01207272939e9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.337ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})}" loading="lazy"></span> zuerst der Größe nach geordnet. Der geordnete Datensatz wird mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x_{(1)},x_{(2)},\dots ,x_{(n)})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (x_{(1)},x_{(2)},\dots ,x_{(n)})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5e15d334076aaa757487a7130788bcddb36c3652.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:19.176ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (x_{(1)},x_{(2)},\dots ,x_{(n)})}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet. Somit ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{(k)}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{(k)}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5f3387edfb141c35ca899ddd548aeeb7f34c1781.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:3.698ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{(k)}}" loading="lazy"></span> der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span>-größte Beobachtungswert. Der Median wird dann definiert als
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {x}}={\begin{cases}x_{({\frac {n+1}{2}})}&amp;{\text{ falls }}n{\text{ ungerade,}}\\{\frac {1}{2}}\left(x_{({\frac {n}{2}})}+x_{({\frac {n}{2}}+1)}\right)&amp;{\text{ falls }}n{\text{ gerade.}}\end{cases}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>&nbsp;falls&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>&nbsp;ungerade,</mtext>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>n</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>n</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>&nbsp;falls&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>&nbsp;gerade.</mtext>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {x}}={\begin{cases}x_{({\frac {n+1}{2}})}&amp;{\text{ falls }}n{\text{ ungerade,}}\\{\frac {1}{2}}\left(x_{({\frac {n}{2}})}+x_{({\frac {n}{2}}+1)}\right)&amp;{\text{ falls }}n{\text{ gerade.}}\end{cases}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/354088b8a1c347d3b5de65ec414809e4bc34e1d9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; width:45.333ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {x}}={\begin{cases}x_{({\frac {n+1}{2}})}&amp;{\text{ falls }}n{\text{ ungerade,}}\\{\frac {1}{2}}\left(x_{({\frac {n}{2}})}+x_{({\frac {n}{2}}+1)}\right)&amp;{\text{ falls }}n{\text{ gerade.}}\end{cases}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arithmetisches_Mittel">Arithmetisches Mittel</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Arithmetisches_Mittel" title="Arithmetisches Mittel">Arithmetisches Mittel</a></i></div>
<p>Das <i>arithmetische Mittel</i>, auch <i>empirischer Mittelwert</i> oder einfach kurz <i>Mittelwert</i> genannt und mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/466e03e1c9533b4dab1b9949dad393883f385d80.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet, ist die Summe der Merkmalswerte, geteilt durch die Anzahl der beobachteten Werte. Es ist also
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}x_{i}\;.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}x_{i}\;.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5fa5c1c8dbf806777f0b5b8687e05ada39fce22f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:14.21ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}x_{i}\;.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Nach Aggregation und dem Vorliegen der absoluten Häufigkeiten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{1},\dots ,F_{m}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{1},\dots ,F_{m}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7e69a71244ddb2c8c111ab959424c701e08d5314.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.897ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{1},\dots ,F_{m}}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span> verschiedene beobachtete Werte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{1},\dots ,a_{m}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{1},\dots ,a_{m}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/64b72106d2a993ee066ddbc18e69883402d59628.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.367ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{1},\dots ,a_{m}}" loading="lazy"></span> (es gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m\leq n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m\leq n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0017737947454c2911336b2d038c91f5a7a70bc0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.534ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m\leq n}" loading="lazy"></span>) kann
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{j=1}^{m}a_{j}F_{j}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{j=1}^{m}a_{j}F_{j}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33879bda2742ba42c5783f3949b125474bbdefcf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:15.332ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{j=1}^{m}a_{j}F_{j}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>verwendet werden. Dabei ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> die Anzahl der beobachteten Werte, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span> der Index über alle beobachteten Werte, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle j}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>j</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle j}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f461e54f5c093e92a55547b9764291390f0b5d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.027ex; width:0.985ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle j}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Index über die Menge beobachteten voneinander verschiedenen Beobachtungswerte. Mit den relativen Häufigkeiten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{j}=F_{j}/n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f_{j}=F_{j}/n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/031373e69ebb1b82cdc9a020c15f87620a5c493b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:10.109ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{j}=F_{j}/n}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle j=1,\dots ,m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle j=1,\dots ,m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ca9db78e9917872c0f5e97636b351f5a6b4e9d38.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.027ex; width:12.464ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle j=1,\dots ,m}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}=\sum _{j=1}^{m}a_{j}f_{j}\;.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}=\sum _{j=1}^{m}a_{j}f_{j}\;.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ed9e55710b9baf154eb7a0e2d78fdeafbf8019a6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:13.651ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}=\sum _{j=1}^{m}a_{j}f_{j}\;.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiel">Beispiel</h2></div>
<p>Es werden die Beobachtungswerte
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=(10,1,3,1,9,8,9)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=(10,1,3,1,9,8,9)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/70a95ca2f890bea9b32ace08f9f3248d2e6cc8fd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.741ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=(10,1,3,1,9,8,9)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>betrachtet.
</p>
<ul><li>Die Werte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>10</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4ec811eb07dcac7ea67b413c5665390a1671ecb0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.325ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 3}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>3</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 3}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/991e33c6e207b12546f15bdfee8b5726eafbbb2f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 3}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 8}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>8</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 8}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1aaa997e6ad67716cfaa9a02c4df860bf60a95b5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 8}" loading="lazy"></span> kommen je nur einmal vor, die Werte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 9}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>9</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 9}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32d3d1e1f9dfe0254c628379e69a69711fe4eabd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 9}" loading="lazy"></span> zweimal. Kein Wert kommt öfter als zweimal vor. Damit sind die beiden Modi (Modalwerte)</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D_{1}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{1}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fca048709dd157d7d97c412f895ecdaa12caab7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.239ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D_{1}=1}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D_{2}=9}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>9</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{2}=9}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e1f93f5fa6b72308b104bdaa3cabd9d8678a3f5a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.239ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D_{2}=9}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Zur Bestimmung des Medians sortiert man die Beobachtungswerte der Größe nach und erhält so</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s=(1,1,3,8,9,9,10)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s=(1,1,3,8,9,9,10)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/83a17b7380da4fb944c09df40be6d6311f1f030c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.501ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s=(1,1,3,8,9,9,10)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd>
<dd>Es ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=7}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>7</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=7}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a264db40fcdf1645e6dabe1885e21595de502623.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=7}" loading="lazy"></span> ungerade, also nach der Definition
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {x}}=x_{((7+1)/2)}=x_{(4)}=8}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>8</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {x}}=x_{((7+1)/2)}=x_{(4)}=8}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9846a34d64a18fdc9b15fb6a4a5026af90115125.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:24.138ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {x}}=x_{((7+1)/2)}=x_{(4)}=8}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Als <a href="Arithmetisches_Mittel" title="Arithmetisches Mittel">arithmetisches Mittel</a> erhält man</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{7}}\left(10+1+3+1+9+8+9\right)={\frac {1}{7}}\cdot 41\approx 5{,}9}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>7</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>9</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>7</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>41</mn>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>9</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{7}}\left(10+1+3+1+9+8+9\right)={\frac {1}{7}}\cdot 41\approx 5{,}9}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a5247adc8ac1927af26fd116b9e70a765497e1b1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:50.136ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{7}}\left(10+1+3+1+9+8+9\right)={\frac {1}{7}}\cdot 41\approx 5{,}9}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl></dd>
<dd>Zu den <i>voneinander verschiedenen</i> Beobachtungswerten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (10,1,3,9,8)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (10,1,3,9,8)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5194bf18b576b76b8fb134321de0a324cf51859b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.92ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (10,1,3,9,8)}" loading="lazy"></span> gehören die absoluten Häufigkeiten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (F_{1},\dots ,F_{5})=(1,2,1,2,1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (F_{1},\dots ,F_{5})=(1,2,1,2,1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9f9710091785442126088f990df0e7944f92888f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.941ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (F_{1},\dots ,F_{5})=(1,2,1,2,1)}" loading="lazy"></span> und die relativen Häufigkeiten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (f_{1},\dots ,f_{5})=(1/7,2/7,1/7,2/7,1/7)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (f_{1},\dots ,f_{5})=(1/7,2/7,1/7,2/7,1/7)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ad1953b8287f881ab4c18b07bcc1f5ea1560fff1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:37.855ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (f_{1},\dots ,f_{5})=(1/7,2/7,1/7,2/7,1/7)}" loading="lazy"></span>. Damit ergibt sich das arithmetische Mittel mit den <a href="Absolute_H%C3%A4ufigkeit" title="Absolute Häufigkeit">absoluten Häufigkeiten</a> als
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{7}}\left(1\cdot 10+2\cdot 1+1\cdot 3+2\cdot 9+1\cdot 8\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>7</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>8</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{7}}\left(1\cdot 10+2\cdot 1+1\cdot 3+2\cdot 9+1\cdot 8\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/712a56054810abaf73dd3397906a077f51dd2916.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:41.167ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{7}}\left(1\cdot 10+2\cdot 1+1\cdot 3+2\cdot 9+1\cdot 8\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd>
<dd>und mit den <a href="Relative_H%C3%A4ufigkeit" title="Relative Häufigkeit">relativen Häufigkeiten</a> als
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{7}}\cdot 10+{\frac {2}{7}}\cdot 1+{\frac {1}{7}}\cdot 3+{\frac {2}{7}}\cdot 9+{\frac {1}{7}}\cdot 8}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>7</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>7</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>7</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>7</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>7</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>8</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{7}}\cdot 10+{\frac {2}{7}}\cdot 1+{\frac {1}{7}}\cdot 3+{\frac {2}{7}}\cdot 9+{\frac {1}{7}}\cdot 8}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/815a072f741275d602dd917c739fcf2f4a575c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:41.153ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{7}}\cdot 10+{\frac {2}{7}}\cdot 1+{\frac {1}{7}}\cdot 3+{\frac {2}{7}}\cdot 9+{\frac {1}{7}}\cdot 8}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Existenz">Existenz</h3></div>
<p>Vorteil des Modus ist, dass er stets existiert. So lässt sich auch bei Beobachtungswerten wie
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\text{Zebra}},{\text{Elefant}},{\text{Giraffe}},{\text{Zebra}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Zebra</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Elefant</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Giraffe</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Zebra</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\text{Zebra}},{\text{Elefant}},{\text{Giraffe}},{\text{Zebra}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/62715389f6e6ed2db69f400bf22d09e7113ffcba.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:30.885ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\text{Zebra}},{\text{Elefant}},{\text{Giraffe}},{\text{Zebra}})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>noch der Modus zu Zebra zu bestimmen. Die Bestimmung des Medians ist hier nicht sinnvoll, da keine klar definierte Ordnung gegeben ist. Noch unsinniger wäre die Bestimmung des arithmetischen Mittels, da unklar ist, was mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{Zebra}}+{\text{Giraffe}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Zebra</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Giraffe</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{Zebra}}+{\text{Giraffe}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f89049dd0bb7067e0bfa1991e5f6f18ad3f9bd87.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:15.661ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{Zebra}}+{\text{Giraffe}}}" loading="lazy"></span> gemeint ist.
</p><p>In Situationen, in denen eine Ordnungsstruktur gegeben ist, ist auch der Median definiert. Auch in solchen Situationen ist das arithmetische Mittel im Allgemeinen nicht definiert, da aus dem Vorhandensein von größer/kleiner-Relationen nicht folgt, dass addiert werden kann.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eindeutigkeit">Eindeutigkeit</h3></div>
<p>Wie bereits im oberen Beispiel gezeigt wurde, ist der Modus im Allgemeinen nicht eindeutig. Im Gegensatz dazu ist der Median eindeutig, jedoch existieren in der Literatur leicht unterschiedliche Definitionen, welche aus verschiedenen pragmatischen Überlegungen entstammen. Daher kann bei Verwendung verschiedener Definitionen der Median auch verschiedene Werte annehmen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robustheit">Robustheit</h3></div>
<p>Der Median ist im Gegensatz zum arithmetischen Mittel robust. Dies bedeutet, dass er sich bei Änderungen der Beobachtungswerte in wenigen Werten – z. B. einzelnen Ausreißern – nur wenig verändert. Betrachtet man zum Beispiel die oben gegebenen Beobachtungswerte
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=(10,1,3,1,9,8,9)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=(10,1,3,1,9,8,9)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/70a95ca2f890bea9b32ace08f9f3248d2e6cc8fd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.741ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=(10,1,3,1,9,8,9)}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>so ist wie bereits gezeigt wurde <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{med}=8}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>d</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>8</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{med}=8}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c1896ed313b70e6e6e6420b6e1845c7b5b4d103c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.892ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{med}=8}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {x}}={\frac {41}{7}}\approx 5{,}9}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>41</mn>
<mn>7</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>9</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {x}}={\frac {41}{7}}\approx 5{,}9}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bae735a47a6e0aa4d4f270fe76288360c9908985.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:13.774ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {x}}={\frac {41}{7}}\approx 5{,}9}" loading="lazy"></span>. Betrachtet man nun die modifizierten Beobachtungswerte
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x'=(10,1,3,1,9,8,1000)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1000</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x'=(10,1,3,1,9,8,1000)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a8a239676917be6f0e6497b1a38b30816cb0f5a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.913ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x'=(10,1,3,1,9,8,1000)}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>bei denen nur ein Wert von 9 zu 1000 verändert wurde, so ergibt sich nach neuerlicher Berechnung für den Median immer noch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x'_{med}=8}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>8</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x'_{med}=8}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a85f81e95341960ef39b50aca46872cb074f88a1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:8.892ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x'_{med}=8}" loading="lazy"></span>, wohingegen für das arithmetische Mittel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {x}}'={\frac {1032}{7}}\approx 147}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1032</mn>
<mn>7</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>147</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {x}}'={\frac {1032}{7}}\approx 147}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fa66ae62452a44a87a873e238ca777979ac01cc4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:17.3ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {x}}'={\frac {1032}{7}}\approx 147}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt. Der <a href="Ausrei%C3%9Fer" title="Ausreißer">Ausreißer</a> macht sich also beim arithmetischen Mittel stark bemerkbar, während er den Median nicht verändert.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weitere_Lagemaße"><span id="Weitere_Lagema.C3.9Fe"></span>Weitere Lagemaße</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bereichsmitte">Bereichsmitte</h3></div>
<p>Der arithmetische Mittelwert aus kleinstem und größtem Beobachtungswert ist die <a href="Bereichsmitte" class="mw-redirect" title="Bereichsmitte">Bereichsmitte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quartile_und_Quantile">Quartile und Quantile</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Empirisches_Quantil" title="Empirisches Quantil">Empirisches Quantil</a></i></div>
<p>Eng mit dem Median verwandt sind die sogenannten (p-)Quantile. Ein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span>-Quantil ist als diejenige Zahl definiert, so dass ein Anteil von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span>, also <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p\cdot 100\,\%}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>100</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">%<!-- % --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p\cdot 100\,\%}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f1ccbc3f530d6b4149c0073c71b2d724eda724f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:8.748ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p\cdot 100\,\%}" loading="lazy"></span>, der Beobachtungswerte kleiner als das <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span>-Quantil sind und ein Anteil von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1-p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1-p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9633a8692121eedfa99cace406205e5d1511ef8d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.172ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1-p}" loading="lazy"></span>, also <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (1-p)\cdot 100\,\%}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>100</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">%<!-- % --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (1-p)\cdot 100\,\%}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ceb86c23a01e86e12ffd4d704d74c0ce4b56da3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.471ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (1-p)\cdot 100\,\%}" loading="lazy"></span>, der Beobachtungswerte größer sind als das <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span>-Quantil. Somit ist der Median genau das <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
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</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/edef8290613648790a8ac1a95c2fb7c3972aea2f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:1.658ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>-Quantil.
</p><p><a href="Empirisches_Quantil#Spezielle_Quantile" title="Empirisches Quantil">Einige p-Quantile zu speziellen p-Werten</a> tragen Eigennamen, zu ihnen zählen die Terzile, die Quartile, die Quintile, die Dezile und die Perzentile.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Getrimmter_Mittelwert">Getrimmter Mittelwert</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Getrimmter_Mittelwert" title="Getrimmter Mittelwert">Getrimmter Mittelwert</a></i></div>
<p>Der getrimmte Mittelwert entsteht, wenn man aus einem Datensatz einen gewissen Anteil der größten und der kleinsten Werte weglässt und aus den restlichen Daten das arithmetische Mittel bildet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geometrisches_Mittel">Geometrisches Mittel</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Geometrisches_Mittel" title="Geometrisches Mittel">Geometrisches Mittel</a></i></div>
<p>In einem weiteren Sinn zählt auch das geometrische Mittel zu den Lageparametern.<sup id="cite_ref-Kosfeld89_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kosfeld89-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es ist definiert als die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>n</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-te <a href="Wurzel_(Mathematik)" title="Wurzel (Mathematik)">Wurzel</a> des Produktes positiver Beobachtungswerte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/56204ada1ecf9dd5c6beddfdfd0f341cd69ff632.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.92ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})}" loading="lazy"></span>, also
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{\text{geom}}={\sqrt[{n}]{x_{1}\cdot x_{2}\dotsm x_{n}}}\;.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>geom</mtext>
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</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mroot>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
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<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{\text{geom}}={\sqrt[{n}]{x_{1}\cdot x_{2}\dotsm x_{n}}}\;.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/819a0ae520a4197eb883ec453eb6892bce0975b8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:24.124ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{\text{geom}}={\sqrt[{n}]{x_{1}\cdot x_{2}\dotsm x_{n}}}\;.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harmonisches_Mittel">Harmonisches Mittel</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Harmonisches_Mittel" title="Harmonisches Mittel">Harmonisches Mittel</a></i></div>
<p>Ein weiterer Lageparameter ist das <a href="Harmonisches_Mittel" title="Harmonisches Mittel">harmonische Mittel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleff44_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleff44-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es ist gegeben als
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{\text{harm}}={\frac {n}{{\frac {1}{x_{1}}}+\dotsb +{\frac {1}{x_{n}}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>harm</mtext>
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</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>n</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mn>1</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
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</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
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</mfrac>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{\text{harm}}={\frac {n}{{\frac {1}{x_{1}}}+\dotsb +{\frac {1}{x_{n}}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5213b3361421dfcf8500e89620c2c7141a8fbfca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.505ex; width:22.999ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{\text{harm}}={\frac {n}{{\frac {1}{x_{1}}}+\dotsb +{\frac {1}{x_{n}}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winsorisiertes_Mittel_und_Lehmann-Hodges-Mittel">Winsorisiertes Mittel und Lehmann-Hodges-Mittel</h3></div>
<p>Weitere Lagemaße sind das sogenannte <a href="Winsorisiertes_Mittel" class="mw-redirect" title="Winsorisiertes Mittel">winsorisierte Mittel</a> und das Lehmann-Hodges-Mittel.<sup id="cite_ref-Krengel171_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krengel171-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikibooks"></span></span></div><b><a href="https://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Mathematrix:_Kompass/_Statistik_und_Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung/_Lageparameter" class="extiw external" title="b:Mathematrix: Kompass/ Statistik und Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung/ Lageparameter">Wikibooks: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}{\mathbf {MATHE} \mu \alpha T\mathbb {R} ix}\end{smallmatrix}}}">
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<mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi>
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<mi>T</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}{\mathbf {MATHE} \mu \alpha T\mathbb {R} ix}\end{smallmatrix}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7c71cd325b35ecc71be7a5be416a9097488a0bed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.342ex; margin-bottom: -0.33ex; width:13.904ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}{\mathbf {MATHE} \mu \alpha T\mathbb {R} ix}\end{smallmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span>: Mathematik für die Schule (Lageparameter)</a></b></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikibooks"></span></span></div><b><a href="https://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Mathematrix:_Kompass/_Statistik_und_Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung/_Vergleichen_von_Mittelwerten" class="extiw external" title="b:Mathematrix: Kompass/ Statistik und Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung/ Vergleichen von Mittelwerten">Wikibooks: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}{\mathbf {MATHE} \mu \alpha T\mathbb {R} ix}\end{smallmatrix}}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
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<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
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<mi>T</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}{\mathbf {MATHE} \mu \alpha T\mathbb {R} ix}\end{smallmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7c71cd325b35ecc71be7a5be416a9097488a0bed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.342ex; margin-bottom: -0.33ex; width:13.904ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}{\mathbf {MATHE} \mu \alpha T\mathbb {R} ix}\end{smallmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span>: Mathematik für die Schule (Vergleich von Mittelwerten)</a></b></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikibooks"></span></span></div><b><a href="https://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Mathematrix:_Kompass/_Statistik_und_Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung/_Mittelwerte_Argumentationsaufgaben" class="extiw external" title="b:Mathematrix: Kompass/ Statistik und Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung/ Mittelwerte Argumentationsaufgaben">Wikibooks: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}{\mathbf {MATHE} \mu \alpha T\mathbb {R} ix}\end{smallmatrix}}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi>
<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}{\mathbf {MATHE} \mu \alpha T\mathbb {R} ix}\end{smallmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7c71cd325b35ecc71be7a5be416a9097488a0bed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.342ex; margin-bottom: -0.33ex; width:13.904ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}{\mathbf {MATHE} \mu \alpha T\mathbb {R} ix}\end{smallmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span>: Mathematik für die Schule (Argumentationsaufgaben)</a></b></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Kosfeld67-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kosfeld67_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kosfeld67_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
Reinhold Kosfeld, Hans Friedrich Eckey, Matthias Türck: <cite style="font-style:italic">Deskriptive Statistik</cite>. Grundlagen – Methoden – Beispiele – Aufgaben. 6. Auflage. Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden 2016, ISBN 978-3-658-13639-0, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>67</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-13640-6">10.1007/978-3-658-13640-6</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Lageparameter+%28deskriptive+Statistik%29&amp;rft.au=Reinhold+Kosfeld%2C+Hans+Friedrich+Eckey%2C+Matthias+T%C3%BCrck&amp;rft.btitle=Deskriptive+Statistik&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-658-13640-6&amp;rft.edition=6.&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783658136390&amp;rft.pages=67&amp;rft.place=Wiesbaden&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Gabler" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Toutenburg49-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Toutenburg49_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Helge Toutenburg, Christian Heumann: <cite style="font-style:italic">Deskriptive Statistik</cite>. 6. Auflage. Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-540-77787-8, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>49</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77788-5">10.1007/978-3-540-77788-5</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Lageparameter+%28deskriptive+Statistik%29&amp;rft.au=Helge+Toutenburg%2C+Christian+Heumann&amp;rft.btitle=Deskriptive+Statistik&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-540-77788-5&amp;rft.edition=6.&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783540777878&amp;rft.pages=49&amp;rft.place=Berlin%2FHeidelberg&amp;rft.pub=Springer-Verlag" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Cleff36-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cleff36_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Thomas Cleff: <cite style="font-style:italic">Deskriptive Statistik und Explorative Datenanalyse</cite>. Eine computergestützte Einführung mit Excel, SPSS und STATA. 3., überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden 2015, ISBN 978-3-8349-4747-5, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>36</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-4748-2">10.1007/978-3-8349-4748-2</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Lageparameter+%28deskriptive+Statistik%29&amp;rft.au=Thomas+Cleff&amp;rft.btitle=Deskriptive+Statistik+und+Explorative+Datenanalyse&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-8349-4748-2&amp;rft.edition=3.%2C+%C3%BCberarbeitete+und+erweiterte&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783834947475&amp;rft.pages=36&amp;rft.place=Wiesbaden&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Gabler" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Horst_Rinne" title="Horst Rinne">Horst Rinne</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Taschenbuch der Statistik</cite>. 4. Auflage. Harri Deutsch, Frankfurt am Main 2008, ISBN 978-3-8171-1827-4, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>41</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Lageparameter+%28deskriptive+Statistik%29&amp;rft.au=Horst+Rinne&amp;rft.btitle=Taschenbuch+der+Statistik&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.edition=4&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783817118274&amp;rft.pages=41&amp;rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&amp;rft.pub=Harri+Deutsch" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kosfeld89-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kosfeld89_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Reinhold Kosfeld, Hans Friedrich Eckey, Matthias Türck: <cite style="font-style:italic">Deskriptive Statistik</cite>. Grundlagen – Methoden – Beispiele – Aufgaben. 6. Auflage. Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden 2016, ISBN 978-3-658-13639-0, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>89</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-13640-6">10.1007/978-3-658-13640-6</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Lageparameter+%28deskriptive+Statistik%29&amp;rft.au=Reinhold+Kosfeld%2C+Hans+Friedrich+Eckey%2C+Matthias+T%C3%BCrck&amp;rft.btitle=Deskriptive+Statistik&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-658-13640-6&amp;rft.edition=6.&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783658136390&amp;rft.pages=89&amp;rft.place=Wiesbaden&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Gabler" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Cleff44-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cleff44_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Thomas Cleff: <cite style="font-style:italic">Deskriptive Statistik und Explorative Datenanalyse</cite>. Eine computergestützte Einführung mit Excel, SPSS und STATA. 3., überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden 2015, ISBN 978-3-8349-4747-5, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>44</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-4748-2">10.1007/978-3-8349-4748-2</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Lageparameter+%28deskriptive+Statistik%29&amp;rft.au=Thomas+Cleff&amp;rft.btitle=Deskriptive+Statistik+und+Explorative+Datenanalyse&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-8349-4748-2&amp;rft.edition=3.%2C+%C3%BCberarbeitete+und+erweiterte&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783834947475&amp;rft.pages=44&amp;rft.place=Wiesbaden&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Gabler" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Krengel171-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Krengel171_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
<a href="Ulrich_Krengel" title="Ulrich Krengel">Ulrich Krengel</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Einführung in die Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und Statistik</cite>. Für Studium, Berufspraxis und Lehramt. 8. Auflage. Vieweg, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-8348-0063-5, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>171</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-09885-0">10.1007/978-3-663-09885-0</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Lageparameter+%28deskriptive+Statistik%29&amp;rft.au=Ulrich+Krengel&amp;rft.btitle=Einf%C3%BChrung+in+die+Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie+und+Statistik&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-663-09885-0&amp;rft.edition=8.&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3834800635&amp;rft.pages=171&amp;rft.place=Wiesbaden&amp;rft.pub=Vieweg" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
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